As per recent news reports India and Japan are to work together to introduce artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics in the defence sector. This is important considering the increasingly aggressive stance by China and China’s assistance to Pakistan in terms of AI and robotics. Recent reports indicate China has secretly sold its armed Wing Loong-I strike-capable medium-altitude, 5000 km range, 200 kg payload drone to Pakistan – Wing Loong-I being equivalent to the American Predator.
Currently in India, AI is being used largely in the private sector, primarily in the spheres of medical, education – language and text speech applications, machining and machine translation, and consumer goods. IITs and few start-ups are undertaking research but for using AI for private and societal purposes. However, in October 2017, media reports confirmed the government seven-point strategy as prelude to India’s strategic plan for using AI. This covers issues like developing methods for human machine interactions, ensuring security of AI systems, creating competent workforce matching AI and R&D needs, addressing ethical, legal and societal implications of AI, measuring and evaluating AI technologies through standards and benchmarks, and the like.
An experts committee has also been set up in the Ministry of Electronics and IT to advise the government on a policy for AI, government’s main focus is to reduce cyber attacks with AI. The main central policy is to be drawn once the experts committee submits its report.
Machine intelligence-powered platforms sure can become a strategic instrument of governance in India across a wide range of public services, from NATGRID to Aadhaar but the defence sector needs equal focus where DRDO’s Centre for Artificial Intelligence & Robotics (CAIR) is leading such research. CAIR has developed a range of robots with varied applications. CAIR’s research includes the RoboSen; a mobile robot system targeted at patrolling, reconnaissance and surveillance, capable of autonomous navigation in semi structured environments with obstacle avoidance capability and continuous video feedback.
CAIR is also developing: man portable Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) for low intensity conflicts and surveillance in urban scenario; wall climbing and flapping wing robot ; walking robot with four and six legs for logistics support; Network Traffic Analysis (NETRA) which can monitor internet traffic. But considering the pace at which developments are taking place, particularly in China in combining robotics and AI, our slow progress in this field is liable to leave us at huge asymmetric disadvantage.
News about cooperation with Japan on AI is good but looking at the abysmal FDI in the defence sector and the floundering ‘Make in India’ initiative because of the rot within MoD, as pointed out by Dr Subhas Bhamre, MoS (defence) to the Prime Minister recently, the prospects don’t look good.
The CCTV (China’s TV channel) recently showed video footage of a Type 59 based tank being controlled by a soldier sitting in front of a computer terminal with a steering wheel. According to Russian sources, quoting Chinese media Sohu, the footage was made in the ‘Unmanned Battle Systems Lab of PLA’. China’s Type 59 is based on the Soviet T-54A tank, bought from Russia in 1950s, and the unmanned version may be armed with a 100mm or 105mm cannon.
For present, this may just be a demonstrative model but with integration of remote target acquisition and remote fire control technologies, this would become cutting edge military weapon platform. Given that the State Council of China commenced work on the next generation AI development plan in 2017 and the pace of Chinese R&D, such development would not be too distant. Unmanned version of the battle tank implies it can dispense with the four-man crew if firing of weapons too is remotely controlled. Sohu also reported that unmanned warships, drones and battle vehicles programs are also under development.
Rapid development and deployment of unmanned systems would help China save lives of PLA soldiers, bulk of who come from single-child families. Besides it suits the Chinese plans to cut down on PLA manpower.
While militaries all over the world are experimenting in AI and robotics, with some debating ethical connotations of military applications of certain technologies of AI, China has no inhibitions about morality or ethics, which is well documented in her concept of ‘Unrestricted Warfare’. In summer of 2017, China’s State Council issued an ambitious policy blueprint calling for the nation to become “the world’s primary AI innovation center” by 2030, by which time, it forecast, the country’s AI industry could be worth $150 billion.
China is investing heavily in all aspects of information technology, from quantum computing to chip design. Multiple initiatives have been launched including China building $2.1 billion AI technology park in Beijing’s western suburbs. Compare this with America’s total spending on unclassified AI programs in 2016 of $1.2 billion. Nations are seeking to harness AI advances for surveillance and censorship, and for military purposes.
According to Elsa Kania, fellow at the Center for a New American Security in Washington, DC notes in her recent study on China’s military AI investments, that in fields of AI in China the boundaries between civilian and military research and development tend to become blurred, adding, “The PLA may leverage AI in unique and perhaps unexpected ways, likely less constrained by the legal and ethical concerns prominent in US thinking. China’s military is funding the development of new AI-driven capabilities in battlefield decision-making and autonomous weaponry.” In 2014, PLA Major General Xi Hang, heading PLA’s Academy of Armoured Forces Engineering had said, “Unmanned ground vehicles will play a very important role in future ground combat. Realizing that, we have begun to explore how to refit our armoured vehicles into unmanned ones.”
Robotic systems coupled with artificial intelligence (AI) will be live threats on the battlefield sooner than we can think. Not only will China deploy such systems along the Line of Actual Control with India, there is every possibility of these moving into POK and Pakistan as PLA deployment grows in the region. In addition, select technologies will be passed on to Pakistan and other strategic partners. When Recap Tayip Erdogan, Turkish President, recently announced intent of developing unmanned tanks, it could well be because of his newfound strategic partnership with China. In 2016, Turkey had announced plans to develop unmanned version of the Russian Armata tank by 2018. Erdogan would be looking for unmanned technology both from China and Russia.
Gorden G Chang, author of ‘The Coming Collapse of China’, in his article ‘The World Should Take China’s War Threats Sseriously’ published in National Interest on March 23, 2018 writes that armed with second term, Xi Jinping is now full of fire and fury, and that when he promised “full unification of the motherland” to the National People’s Congress on March 20, that is code for annexation of Taiwan, large portions of India, dozens of Japanese islands, a speck of South Korea, Philippine rocks and reefs, and almost all the waters of the South China Sea. Obviously, Gordon doesn’t imply this is going to happen overnight but in sharp contrast the mood in India appears to be that conflict is not on the cards at all because of the downturn of Chinese economy and Sino-Indian trade relations. The mood is actually upbeat with the Zhong Shan, Chinese Commerce Minister visiting India. But then China has good trade relations with Taiwan and Japan too.
China was Taiwan’s top trading partner during 2017, Taiwanese exports to China amounting to US$89.1 billion (28% of total Taiwanese exports). Japan was China’s third largest trading partner in 2016 with trade figures at US$129.5 billion. The moot point is that China gives no credence to trade relations when it comes to territorial claims – however illegal. It is for good reason that China has militarized South China Sea so systematically. Same goes for the deployments and communications in Tibet opposite India, consolidation of the noose around India (read ‘string of pearls’), and heavy investments in sub-conventional war on India.
Any conflict, however small, would impact Indian economy adversely. Wishing away the threat would be catastrophic – Chinese occupation of Doklam being just a small sample. Prudence demands that India should prepares for conflict that would likely combine robotics and AI; unmanned ground vehicles, drone swarms, quantum communications, cyber attacks and more.
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