Indian Defence Review

A typical IAF base is secured during peacetime by DSC personnel manning the peripheral watch towers and the important operational assets augmented with air-warrior guards comprising non-technical staff who are not engaged in active operational activities. DSC numbers need serious augmenting and forward bases should have a relatively younger lot. The limited Garud Commandos act as Quick-Reaction Force and take on larger real-time threats. While the Garud are better armed and better trained, they have other tasks and roles such as Suppression of Enemy Air Defence (SEAD) through Radar-bursting, and Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR). Garud units need to be increased to two from present one in forward bases.

On January 02, 2016, six heavily-armed terrorists suspected to belong to Pakistan-based Islamist militant group Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM), made a pre-dawn attack on the Indian Air Force (IAF) base at Pathankot. The terrorists were wearing Indian Army fatigues and rode a hijacked car belonging to the Superintendent of Punjab Police. Seven security forces personnel were martyred and 20 civilians injured before all six terrorists were finally killed in the gun battle on January 04, in an operation which was carried out jointly by the Indian Army, National Security Guards (NSG) and IAF’s Garud commandos.

The terrorists were apparently in India for at least 48 hours earlier and had studied the base layout and selected soft entry points. They perhaps had local assistance. The choice of early morning when security could be weak was a military-like decision. The airbase is located close to the Indo-Pak border and this strategically crucial area has a very dense Indian Army deployment. The terrorists managed to breach the outer wall of the Pathankot base through an entry point adjoining a village.

One terrorist was reportedly shot dead as he was climbing over the ten-foot, barbed wire-topped wall. Five other terrorists then entered the domestic area. Due to advance intelligence inputs, day and night airborne surveillance had been mounted and security greatly enhanced. Yet it took four days to neutralise the six Pakistani intruders. Was India caught napping? Has India not learned the lessons to tackle the blatant Pakistan sponsored terror which has been bleeding India for nearly 25 years? Are important strategic IAF forward bases such as Pathankot vulnerable to such attacks? Does the IAF have the ground infrastructure and troops to safeguard its bases? Many of these questions still call for answers.

Attack on Pathankot Airbase

The Pathankot airbase is located barely 25 km as the crow-flies from the Pakistan border adjoining the strategic Shakargarh bulge. It is a typical fighter airbase spread over 2,000 acres. It also has a civil enclave of the Airport Authority of India since 2006, but no civil flights operate nowadays. The base is vital for tactical offensive operations and for logistic support to Jammu & Kashmir. MiG-21 Bison fighter jets and Mi-25/Mi-35 attack helicopters are based here. The base is defended by quick-reaction air-defence missiles and has surveillance radars. Its close proximity to the border and low reaction time had resulted in repeat air-attacks during 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pak wars.

In 1965, Pakistani commandos even made a failed attempt to raid the airbase. The near North-South runway runs parallel to the international border. Pathankot town is to the North. A major water-canal cuts through operational area with significant aircraft assets on either side. Parts of this area are lined with thick vegetation. The airfield has near ten-foot high boundary wall with a barbed-wire fence and is laced with concrete watch towers manned by Defence Security Corps (DSC) personnel who mostly consist of ex-servicemen in age bracket of late 40s or 50s. The watch towers have outward facing searchlights for night-surveillance. The aircraft are dispersed in blast protected aircraft pens or sometimes parked on open tarmac. The domestic (residential) and operational areas are clearly separated and the operational area security is enhanced with extra fences and air-warrior guards. The airbase also has a unit of IAF Garud commandos to support high-value asset protection.

Because of the forewarning of the attack, the station was already on a high alert. High-value assets had fully armed extra air-warrior guards. Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) had already been deployed for aerial surveillance with night-vision sensors. The C-130J Special Operations aircraft and helicopters with Night-Vision capability were airborne. Garud commandos had taken vantage positions. The terrorists were spotted through aerial infrared imaging and Garuds directed to intercept them using live aerial images. The swift response kept the terrorists holed up in a limited area and prevented movement to aircraft operating area, bomb dump and bulk petroleum storage.

Due to the coordinated efforts of the Army, NSG, local police and IAF, the terrorists were neutralised. 40 to 50 kg of ammunition was found on terrorists. Markings indicate made in Pakistan. The major casualties on the Indian side were among the unarmed Defence Security Corps (DSC) personnel in the DSC Mess. The bright side was that in spite of there being an extended battle with terrorists, the airbase remained operational and there was no loss of equipment.

Central intelligence agencies have detained at least two serving Air Force personnel at the Pathankot airbase as part of the investigation to find out if the terrorists who struck on January 02 received any local support. Call records of these two showed that they had been in touch with Ranjith KK, the sacked airman who was arrested from Bathinda on charges of spying for the ISI in December 2015. Both these men were using two mobile SIM cards. Earlier during questioning, Ranjith had said that he had some information on the possibility of the Pathankot airbase being targeted by terrorists.

Earlier Similar Attacks

There have been repeat attacks in the Udhampur-Gurdaspur section of India’s crucial strategic link to Jammu and Kashmir. On May 14, 2002, at least 32 persons, mostly members of families of Army personnel, were killed and over 60 wounded in the worst-ever militant attack in the Kaluchak Army cantonment in Jammu area. All five terrorists were shot. On March 21, 2015, two terrorists who attacked an Army camp in Samba on Jammu-Pathankot highway and were killed after a long gun battle.

On August 05, 2015, two LeT armed terrorists attacked a BSF convoy in Udhampur. One terrorist Mohammad Naved was caught alive and the other was killed. Both were Pakistani citizens. On July 27, 2015, three gunmen dressed in army uniforms opened fire on a bus and then attacked the Dina Nagar police station in Gurdaspur. Three civilians and four policemen, including a Superintendent of Police (SP) were killed and many others injured. All three attackers were killed in the operation, which lasted almost 12 hours.

Complicity of Pakistan-based organisations has been confirmed again with markings on shoes of slain, batteries, phone calls to Pakistani numbers on mobile phones and AK-47 rifles and other weapons recovered from the terrorists. Is it another attempt to thwart the improvement of relations between India and Pakistan after an impromptu visit by PM Modi to meet PM Nawaz Sharif in Lahore on the former’s journey back from Afghanistan? India faced Kargil after Lahore Bus Yatra by PM Vajpayee in 1999 and the Parliament attack after the failed Agra Summit in 2001.

After the Musharraf-Manmohan talks ran aground, we had the Mumbai serial train bombings in 2006 and again, the Mumbai Taj Mahal hotel terror-attack in 2008. It is well known that, in Pakistan, shots are called less by civil government and more by the Army and Islamic militants. All have interests in fostering a proxy low-intensity war, more so as the Pakistan Army still waits to avenge the humiliating defeat in 1971 and fulfil its desire to wrest Kashmir. The strategy is to bleed India through terror and keep threatening with low nuclear threshold.

The fact that an Army General is the National Security Advisor in Pakistan indicates their overall approach. India, on other hand, seems to have a weak memory and often falls prey to India’s candlelight peace brigades. Intelligence sources say the terrorists had JeM links who want to derail the peace process. Nawaz Sharif promised action against perpetuators to pacify a strong Indian public reaction.

Response – More Questions Than Answers

Pathankot has one of the highest concentrations of military personnel anywhere in India with nearly 40,000 troops. Imagine if instead of a forewarned airbase, they had targeted a civil market place and killed a few hundred? It appears that anti-terror operational control was initially with IAF’s fledgling Garud Commando force and later with NSG flown in from Delhi. Later, a few columns of the Army were inducted. Forces of the state government, Ministry of Home Affairs and the Ministry of Defence (MoD) were engaged.

Did a lack of inter-agency cooperation affect the security response? The local police chief called the airbase a ‘fortress’ that couldn’t be entered without a written request. Should the operation have been handed over to the battle-hardened locally-placed Army units immediately? Do we evolve a clear protocol region-by-region as to who would be the lead force? Was there a need for the AOC-in-C, Western Air Command to fly down and supervise an operation like this? Should not the Base Commander have taken full charge? Does the airfield security need a fresh look especially in border districts? Could we have used directional jammers to prevent use of cell phones by terrorists? Did we activate domestic area evacuation plan? Do we need to create a J&K-like grid in all border districts of Punjab to begin with? Was India once again found wanting for control and media access?

In the absence of regular formal media briefings, TV channels became free-for-all strategic analysts. Lack of formal information flow resulted in pre-mature declaration of victory. There is a need to institutionalise timely media-briefings for ‘Breaking News’ hungry TV media. The role of the Punjab police and possible links to drug smuggling-mafia are being questioned. How a terrorist risked sparing a police SP from killing is puzzling? Is it normal for a senior police officer to travel in a sensitive border district without security?

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As the Army has done in J&K, should we not stop use of vehicle beacon lights in border districts? Is there a need to upgrade security of high value assets in border districts? A fully fenced and brightly lit border in plains is porous enough to allow intrusion with huge posse of arms? Has the BSF failed us? Did India fail to learn from many terror incidents in region? If India perceived as a soft state, what do we need to do about it? Is it too sensitive to ask about a large number of mosques which are sprawled around military cantonments and sometimes left alone due to vote-bank politics?

Lessons from Civil Aviation

Civil aviation went through some major disasters before they woke up to serious airport security. The single deadliest airline catastrophe resulting from the failure of airport security to detect an onboard bomb was Air India Flight 182 “Emperor Kanishka” from Montreal to London in 1985 that crashed over the Atlantic killing all 329 onboard. Another onboard bomb that slipped through airport security was on the Pan Am flight in 1988, which killed 270 people.

The September 11 episode in 2001 is the most widely recognised terrorist attack in recent times involving air travel. Airport access has since been tightened. Passengers and baggage are screened using ever improving metal and explosive detector machines. More recently, backscatter X-rays machines are being used. India stepped up its airport security after the 1999 Kandahar hijacking. The Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), a paramilitary organisation, was given the charge and put under the regulatory framework of the Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (Ministry of Civil Aviation). They created especially trained group for Airport Security Units. Things did improve thereafter. Another problem that some airports face is the proliferation of slums around the boundary walls and in the approach zone.

IAF Airfield Security

Access to any base is through two or three main entry gates which are well-manned and have drive-in barriers. However, a large number of other personnel such as airfield maintenance and construction contractor labour also pass through these gates to work inside. While there are CCTV cameras on the gates, the time has perhaps come to introduce inspection and examination devices such as the ones at airports for humans and materials.

The boundary walls sometimes have drains passing under them and are secured by iron-rod grills. These have sometimes been breached. Thick forest/vegetation near the boundary wall/fence often hampers security. More night-vision devices should help. Effectiveness of the outfacing and swivelling searchlights atop the watch towers depends on the external foliage clearance. Many airbases have unauthorised structures nearly touching the boundary walls in spite of clear laws against such construction.

A typical IAF base is secured during peacetime by DSC personnel manning the peripheral watch towers and the important operational assets augmented with air warrior guards comprising non-technical staff who are not engaged in active operational activities. DSC numbers need serious augmenting and forward bases should have a relatively younger lot. The limited Garud Commandos act as Quick-Reaction Force and take on larger real-time threats. While the Garud are better armed and better trained, they have other tasks and roles such as Suppression of Enemy Air Defence (SEAD) through Radar-bursting and Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR). Garud units need to be increased to two from present one in forward bases.

The Vital Assets (VA) at an airfield include the Runway, Air Traffic Control building, Base Operations Centre, the Communication Hub, Bulk Petroleum Storage, Bomb and Weapon Storage, Specialist Vehicles, and high-technology laboratories among others. The Air Warriors and their families also have to be kept safe. In war, Territorial Army units are supposed to take over airfield security but they are unlikely to reach in time for an ‘incident-trigger’ led war.

A good local commander would have to be proactive and make the best of his assets and environment. Airfield-wise Counter-Terrorism Contingency Plan (CTCP) has to be evolved and rehearsed. It was heartening to note the use of day and night airborne surveillance very effectively at least in tracking the terrorist if not neutralising them. If the terrorists were seen in the thick vegetation, could we have used the helicopter gunship to prevent them moving towards the DSC Mess? After the Pathankot attack, the IAF has planned to strengthen security at 54 airbases of the country by installing “smart fences”, electronic surveillance systems, thermal imagers, Close Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras and drones at a cost of Rs 8,000 crore, at Rs 100 to Rs 150 crore per airbase.

The IAF has also asked the Central Government to remove encroachments around the airbases. The rule stipulates that no construction can take place 100 metres from the airbase and no structure can come up to 900 metres around the ordnance depots. However, these rules are not followed in many cases. The Garud Commando Force was formed in September 2004, after attempted terror attacks on the two major airbases in Jammu and Kashmir. Their current strength is approximately 1,080 personnel.

The IAF has also sought Government sanction to recruit more Garud commandos. Ten additional units would mean 700 additional personnel. The IAF has also issued shoot-at-sight orders at all its bases under the Western Air Command after sounding a high alert. Given the threat perception, more than 15 air stations are directed to adhere to shoot-at-sight if anyone tries to enter the premises in an unauthorised manner. The IAF has prominently displayed this warning at vantage positions. The civil administration, including the police, has been informed about the latest directive.

Lessons and Way Forward

The physical casualties might have been less than 26/11 Mumbai attacks but success against a major military target has no less implications. Due to advance warning, some of the high value assets were flown out. However, many others had to be secured in situ. More heavy-duty equipment is needed to clear the foliage in a few densely vegetated stations. As walls can be scaled, a surveillance system with CCTV cameras is required along the perimeter.

Google pictures make it possible to study the layout of possible targets. Social media is being used to honey-trap and blackmail unsuspecting youngsters and use them as possible moles. This needs restrictions and monitoring. It is a common practice for people to enter the air force bases with their cattle for grazing as they find the grass inside the campus plentiful and of high quality. There are shopping centres inside the airbases that local civilians visit. All these need review.

Local Commanders have to use innovative base-specific ways and local liaison to strengthen security. A significant cache of arms and ammunition was later accidently found by boys bathing in the Upper Bari Doab canal in Pathankot. This must have been dumped in advance. This indicates that our borders are still porous.

Kill ratios are often in favour of the terrorists especially when attacking soft targets of their own choosing. Often that is unfairly used as a success matrix. Meanwhile, could India have responded with a barrage of firing across LoC and captured a few posts to teach Pakistan a lesson and show resolve? When will India stop being perceived as a soft state? Have we failed in command and control due multiple agencies with different political bosses? India has still to implement the high-level Kargil Committee report. Will India ever learn the lessons from this attack?

Maulana Masood Azhar has been identified as the mastermind of the attack. Pakistan has lodged an FIR under its Anti-terrorism Act. The FIR also shows the telephone numbers contacted by the terrorists during the attack. About a dozen suspects have reportedly been arrested in Pakistan with very little outcome. Defence Minister Parrikar said, “We have lost patience now and want action against the terrorists. Those who have harmed India will not be spared and they will be given an apt reply in their own language. Have taken plenty of measures and results will reflect soon.”

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The enemy is at our gates. It is time to talk less and act more. It is time to raise special airfield defence units and train them on the lines of army to secure vulnerable installations and replace the DSC. There is a need to revive the four-decade old proposal to have an Air Force Regiment. There is a need to tailor the entire Armed Forces force structure to address terrorist threats. The martyrs have done us proud. It is time to wake up and get the act right!